The technological solution depends on raw water characteristics, affordability and acceptability and level of application. Of course, sustainability depends on an awareness of the related issues. Since there are limitations in every individual treatment technologies and, thus, hybrid technologies are always beneficial; however, availability, selection, optimization, etc.
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Tox Appl Pharmacol — Food Chem Toxicol 38 1 :S87—S J Occup Environ Med 39 4 — Synth Met — Sep Purif Technol — Water hyacinth. Water Res 43 3 — Download references. The authors also wish to thank Mr. Chirag Sharma and Mr. Marg, Bhavnagar, , Gujarat, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to A. Reprints and Permissions. Sharma, S.
Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci 7, — Download citation. Received : 26 February Accepted : 29 July Published : 16 August Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Download PDF. To clean an activated carbon filter, the carbon is heated and air is pumped through the columns to loosen the contaminants from the carbon; the contaminants are then disposed of in landfills or destroyed with other methods.
Activated carbon filters are generally used in addition to another process, because excessively polluted water can foul the filters quite quickly. The time required to clean up a groundwater source with this method ranges from a few days to years, depending on the rate and success of other treatment methods. These processes are extremely expensive, with the prevention of the pollution in the first place being hundreds to thousands of times less expensive. Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms that are naturally found in the soil, to digest contaminants in soil and water, including the chemicals that are found in gas and oil spills.
As shown in the diagram below, the microorganisms digest the chemicals, and convert them to water and harmless gases, such as carbon dioxide. When this process occurs in nature, it is called natural attenuation, and generally occurs at a slow rate. The rate of digestion can be increased with the addition of air and nutrients, which allow the microorganisms to grow and multiply. However, mixing with air can cause chemicals to evaporate before they can be digested, so mixing is often done in an enclosed tank, so that chemicals cannot escape.
The water is pumped up through a well and enters a holding tank. Once in the tank, nutrients are added and the water is aerated, to provide optimal conditions for the microorganisms. After enough of the chemicals are removed, the water is pumped back into the aquifer. Bioremediation can take anywhere from a few months to a few years to remove contaminants, but it is an effective and natural treatment process that does not require the use of chemicals or disinfectants.
It is less intrusive than many other forms of treatment and is also fairly inexpensive; in fact, natural attenuation is free! Bioremediation is a process that is increasingly being used in municipal wastewater treatment plants. For more information about using bioremediation to treat domestic wastewater, see the Wastewater Treatment fact sheet. A process similar to bioremediation can also be used to treat drinking water, especially water that is difficult to treat with any other method.
Phytoremediation is a process that uses the roots of plants and trees to remove pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and oil, from soil and water.
Trees can remove contaminants that are in deep aquifers, because the roots reach much further than those of small plants. When the roots of plants take in water and nutrients, they also take in the chemicals and store them in their roots, stems and leaves. The plants can then convert the chemicals into gases that are released into the air as the plant transpires, or breathes. Or, the chemicals can stick, or sorb, to the plant roots; in this case, the chemicals are removed from the water or soil only when the plant is removed.
A further benefit of phytoremediation is that plants and trees help to prevent further contamination by minimizing runoff and erosion. There is concern, however, about the impact that the plants could have on the ecosystem, as animals feed on plants containing concentrated amounts of toxic chemicals. Phytoremediation often takes years to restore the water or soil to a high quality, but like bioremediation, it is an effective and natural process and does not rely on chemicals to treat the water, and is relatively inexpensive.
Phytoremediation is a process that is similar to the natural process that occurs in wetlands. Chemcial oxidation is a process that uses oxidants to convert harmful chemicals, such as fuels, solvents and pesticides, into less harmful chemicals, such as water and carbon dioxide.
The most commonly used oxidants are hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate, which are liquids. Ozone, which is a gas, can also be used, but it is more difficult to contain than liquids. To apply chemical oxidation to a groundwater source, wells are drilled and the oxidant is pumped in.
Often, two wells are dug, so that the water can be circulated, as is shown in the diagram to the right. This ensures that the oxidant is able to be evenly mixed in the water, and remove the majority of the contaminants.
When the oxidant is added, heat is produced; in fact, enough heat is produced to boil water. This causes the chemicals to evaporate from the water and travel upwards through the soil. The contaminants are captured above ground, where they can be safely treated and disposed of. Chemical oxidation is an expensive treatment process, but in comparison to bioremediation and phytoremediation, it is a fast process; it generally takes between several months and one year to finish removing the contaminants from a polluted area with oxidation.
The most important thing to take away from this fact sheet is that it is always easier and less expensive to remove the sources of pollution than to continue treating contaminated water.
To remediate an area that has been polluted requires efforts on the part of individuals, organizations, industries and governments, who are committed to removing the pollution sources. While remediation of contaminated water is more successful with the efforts of many people, each individual can also make a significant contribution that should not be underestimated.
Understanding the sources of pollution and making changes to reduce waste and pollution can have positive results. When contaminants do have to be removed, there are a number of processes that can be used, depending on the type and amount of pollution, and the size and location of the water body.
The Safe Drinking Water Foundation has educational programs that can supplement the information found in this fact sheet. Operation Water Drop looks at the chemical contaminants that are found in water; it is designed for a science class.
Operation Water Flow looks at how water is used, where it comes from and how much it costs; it has lessons that are designed for Social Studies, Math, Biology, Chemistry and Science classes.
Operation Water Spirit presents a First Nations perspective of water and the surrounding issues; it is designed for Native Studies or Social Studies classes. Operation Water Health looks at common health issues surrounding drinking water in Canada and around the world and is designed for a Health, Science and Social Studies collaboration. Operation Water Pollution focuses on how water pollution occurs and how it is cleaned up and has been designed for a Science and Social Studies collaboration.
To access more information on these and other educational activities, as well as additional fact sheets, visit the Safe Drinking Water Foundation website at www.
Did you know that by using our Operation Water Pollution program in their classrooms, teachers educate students about what causes pollution, how it is cleaned up, and what they can do about the problem? Please help us to send more Operation Water Pollution kits to schools!
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Februrary Environmentalists say pollution credits let companies pay to pollute. Environment Canada. November June 24, Natural Ressources Defense Council. June American Chemical Society : Ontario launches controversial smog trading program. Sawahel, Wagdy. SciDevNet: Egyptian algae can clean up oil and soils. United States Environmental Protection Agency. December April A Citizen's Guide to Phytoremediation.
A Citizen's Guide to Pump and Treat. March Surface Water Contamination. The Water Sourcebooks: Fact Sheets. Veenstra, S. World Health Organization. July Atmospheric deposition is the pollution of water caused by air pollution. In the atmosphere, water particles mix with carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, this forms a weak acid. Air pollution means that water vapour absorbs more of these gases A tank or piping network that has at least 10 percent of its volume underground is known as an underground storage tank UST.
They often store substances such as petroleum, that are harmful to the surrounding environment should it become contaminated. Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
The rest come from shipping travel, drains and dumping. An oil spill from a tanker is a severe Nuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical and scientific processes that use radioactive material. Nuclear waste can have detrimental effects on marine habitats. Nuclear waste comes from a number of sources: Operations conducted by nuclear power Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment.
Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Pollutants from industrial Dumping of litter in the sea can cause huge problems.
Litter items such as 6-pack ring packaging can get caught in marine animals and may result in death. Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in water: Cardboard — Takes 2 weeks to degrade Domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce wastewater that can cause pollution of many lakes and rivers.
Sewage is the term used for wastewater that often contains faeces, urine and laundry waste. There are billions of people on Earth, How Is. Industrial water treatment Before raw sewage can be safely released back into the environment, it needs to be treated correctly in a water treatment plant.
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