By June, those places are dry, and Northern Hemisphere tropical locations, including India, Southeast Asia, and Africa south of the Sahara are receiving rain. Centered on the Pacific Ocean, this animation of monthly average rain rates shows how the tropical rain belt follows the Sun.
The tropical rain belt stretches out in a virtually unbroken line across the open ocean. Over land, the line is distorted because of the interaction between the tropical rain belt and monsoons. In places with a monsoon climate, the prevailing winds over land and adjacent ocean areas reverse directions on a seasonal basis. The winds reverse because the land changes temperature more dramatically from season to season than water; the differences in heating alter the patterns of rising and sinking air.
Winds usually blow offshore in winter and onshore in summer—like a daily coastal sea breeze, but on a much larger scale. For instance, the shifting of the tropical rain belt into the Northern Hemisphere in May and June coincides with the onset of the summer monsoon in Southeast Asia.
As summer days lengthen and heating increases, land surfaces on the continent of Asia get hotter than surrounding oceans. The ITCZ is also called the "climate equator"—it lies near the geographic equator, and divides the global air circulation patterns into two mirror images to the north and south.
Air Masses. As these winds converge, moist air is forced upward, forming one portion of the Hadley cell. The air cools and rises see image below , causing water vapor to be "squeezed" out as rain, resulting in a band of heavy precipitation around the globe.
This reliable circulation feeds the lush rain forests of central Africa, and also defines the limits of the Sahara desert. The ITCZ has been called the doldrums by sailors because there is essentially no horizontal air movement, that is, no wind the air simply rises. Hadley Circulation. The position of the ITCZ varies predictably throughout the year. Although it remains near the equator, the ITCZ moves farther north or south over land than over the oceans because it is drawn toward areas of the warmest surface temperatures.
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The poles , in turn, are very dry. These circulate air globally. Try This! What Causes Wet and Dry Seasons?
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