The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Home Natural resources Invasive species Identify invasive species Reed canary grass. Quick facts Reed canary grass is an invasive species. How to identify reed canary grass Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea is a perennial cool season grass that grows two to six feet high. Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competition between Carex stricta, Phalaris arundinacea, and Typha latifolia. Plant Ecology, 2 Invasive Plants of Neutral Habitats in Canada.
Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Wildlife Service. Yang BM, New taxa of the grass family from Hunan. Mountain meadows of the Western Urals - a promising source of fodder. Korma, No. Zeiders KE, A Septoria disease of reed canarygrass in Pennsylvania.
Plant Disease Reporter, 63 9 Baldini R M, CABI, Undated a. Chernyaeva A M, Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Costa J C A, Distribuicao das Phalaris spp. Folia Universitatis Agriculturae Stetinensis, Agricultura.
Daniels R E, Journal of Ecology. First report of tawny blotch caused by Parastagonospora caricis on Phalaris arundinacea in New York. Plant Disease. Introduction of some species of Parastagonospora on poaceous plants in Iran.
Prace z Zakresu Nauk Rolniczych. Part 1: Vascular Cryptograms, Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons. Hulina N, In: Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on aquatic weeds, Uppsala, Sweden, August Aquatic Botany. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, Series Polonica.
Ulibarri A E, Especimenes botanicos coleccionados en la segunda campana cientifica a las Islas Malvinas. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica, Argentina. Vermeer J G, Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Plantarum.
A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa incorporating the national weed list of South Africa. Memoirs, Botanical Survey of South Africa. Yang B M, One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Toggle navigation. Datasheet Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass. Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate report. Expand all sections Collapse all sections. Phalaris is a competive colonizer of wet sites and has been observed to replace other wet site grasses such as Glyceria grandis. Lewis and Clark made a collection of this grass in the early 's from northwestern North America suggesting Phalaris canariensis has at least not been recently introduced. Bozeman, Montana, USA. June Title Habit Caption Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass ; habit.
Title Inflorescence Caption Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass. The inflorescence is narrow and contracted early and late in the year, but during mid summer flowering, the panicle branches spread and the spike opens. Title Florets Caption Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass ; the single fertile floret of a spikelet is completely enveloped by the two larger glumes. A panicle branch has to be shattered between thumb and forefinger and its contents collected before the florets can be seen.
Title Ligule Caption Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass ; the ligule is large and conspicous from most angles. Summary of Invasiveness Top of page P. Large quantities of highly mobile seed are produced in the first year of life, and a soil seed bank and permanent rhizome bed quickly build up. For these reasons control is not easy once this species is established Kilbride and Paveglio, Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page The genus Phalaris comprises 15 species and is distributed worldwide with the greatest diversity of species in the Mediterranean area Anderson, At least three species, including P.
The scientific and common names of P. Many cultivated varieties have been registered for seed and forage yield in the USA Rincker and Carlson, ; Kalton et al. Description Top of page P. Leaves flat, smooth, acuminate. Blade cm long, mm wide approximately 20 times as long as wide , flat, linear. Ligule membranous, truncate, or occasionally acuate, mm; sheaths smooth. Culm erect or geniculate, not branching.
Panicle lobed lanceolate, cm long, cm wide, composed of branches up to 5 cm long, spreading only at flowering. Spikelets 3. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled but not winged. Lemmas broadly lanceolate, acute; L1 and L2 1. Caryopses light brown, mm long.
It is a highly variable species, varying in height, size and shape of inflorescence, and coloration Apfelbaum and Sams, The sturdy, often hollow stems can be up to 13 mm in diameter, with some reddish coloration near the top. Distribution Top of page Although certainly native to Eurasia and probably native to North America Merigliano and Lesica, , this species currently appears to be undergoing a large expansion in range and density in these regions Maurer and Zedler, It is also present as a weed in some temperate countries in the southern hemisphere Holm et al.
Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. History of Introduction and Spread Top of page P. However, there is some debate as to whether it is native to North America Harrison et al. It is likely that populations of P. Distinguishing native strains in the USA is therefore very difficult White et al. Baldini has looked at ploidy levels for this purpose.
Habitat Top of page P. However, established stands can tolerate extended periods of inundation Ivanov et al. It is intolerant of shade and is replaced by Salix species, Cornus stolonifera, Prunus virginiana, Carex and Juncus species in Washington State Harrison et al.
Where the species invades short perennial grasses such as Agrostis alba or Festuca rubra species typically planted along irrigation ditches , it inhibits their growth within months, eventually eliminating them Apfelbaum and Sams, Sachs and Coulman and Ostrem found wide genetic variation in seed yield and other agronomic characters: broad-sense heritabilities were between 0.
Alkaloid concentration also shows wide genetic variation, with heritabilities for total alkaloid concentration ranging from 0.
Hovin et al. Gifford et al. However, no such phenomenon has been detected. No significant quantities of germination inhibitors have been found either in water or methanol extracts of seed dispersal units Landgraff and Junttila, Berg reports that germination rates in some strains of this species are too low due to dormancy for them to have any agricultural use.
Flowering in P. Dead leaves persist throughout the winter resting period in the UK; Clapham et al. Reproductive Biology Reproduction in this species is via seeds, rhizomes and tillers Wells et al. Butterflies and Moths. Land Invertebrates. Reptiles and Amphibians. Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines. Wildflowers, Grasses and Other Nonwoody Plants. Scientific Name. Common Name Synonyms. The aggressive Eurasian ecotype is found statewide and is spreading tremendously.
Status Invasive. Life Cycle Life Cycle. Human Connections This grass has been planted for hay and forage, to prevent soil erosion, and as an ornamental, but its weedy invasiveness outweighs any benefits. Ecosystem Connections Reed canary grass forms dense stands that crowd out native plants, and it grows too thick to provide suitable cover for wildlife.
However, it can also overgrow irrigation ditches and small natural watercourses, alter soil hydrology, is poor forage for domestic stock when fresh, and invades native vegetation where it outcompetes desirable native species. Almost any moist, fertile habitat is suitable for this species. Reed canarygrass invades and dominates wetland and riparian areas.
Anthropogenic disturbance and alteration of water levels encourage reed canarygrass invasion. A combination of management strategies over several years will yield the best results. For low quality sites, discing or tilling may be effective, especially if used in combination with competitive crop planting. Hand-pulling is recommended only for small populations. Covering the plants with mulch or plastic may work but is unreliable and labor intensive.
Grazing may also be unreliable, and P. Prescribed fire and some herbicides are also effective. Biocontrol agents have not yet been identified.
If a healthy native seedbank is not present, successful elimination of reed canarygrass may have to be followed by seeding with desirable species. Otherwise, erosion or reinfestation by reed canarygrass or other weed species may occur. Reed canarygrass can form dense, persistent, monotypic stands in wetlands, moist meadows and riparian areas. These stands exclude and displace desirable native plants and animals. Areas invaded by reed canarygrass may be of little use to wildlife.
Lesica found that an increase in the size of dense, monotypic patches of reed canarygrass coincided with a decrease in H. Although this correlation does not directly demonstrate that reed canarygrass displaced H. Henderson [16] found an upland oak savanna in south central Wisconsin threatened by reed canarygrass invasion. In this habitat reed canarygrass spread very slowly, but formed dense, monotypic stands that were shade tolerant and highly competitive despite the relatively dry conditions.
Reed canarygrass is also considered a pest because it promotes silt deposition and the consequent constriction of waterways and irrigation canals. It is generally thought that invasive populations of reed canarygrass are descendants of non-native cultivars or ecotypes [1] [17] or the vigorous result of crosses between cultivated varieties and native strains.
Once the desirable strain was identified the investigators distributed seeds to local farmers. Reed canarygrass has a long agronomic history and was cultivated for forage as early as in Sweden. There are now at least eleven reed canarygrass cultivars. Reed canarygrass may be more phenotypically plastic as a result of human intervention.
Natural populations of reed canarygrass are primarily found in marshes and other wetland habitats, but farmers prefer strains that tolerate drought or upland conditions. Agronomic trials comparing yields of reed canarygrass to drought tolerant species demonstrate that canarygrass yields more hay than smooth brome, timothy, tall meadow oat, red top, meadow fescue and orchard grass under dry conditions.
Reed canarygrass is the only member of the genus Phalaris that is circumboreal, and it may be the precursor to all New World taxa of the genus. Reed canarygrass is a notorious global weed. According to Holm et al. Merigliano and Lesica [12] found that early botanical collections of reed canarygrass from the inland Pacific Northwest predated settlement of the area by people of European ancestry.
These collections indicate canarygrass formed large stands along low elevation rivers and could be found in scattered small stands in mountainous areas. Modern populations of canarygrass in this region may be a mixture of agronomic cultivars and native material.
The same may be true throughout the northern US and southern Canada. Several TNC Stewards reported that riparian and streamside corridors are at the greatest risk of being invaded and dominated by reed canarygrass Randall, unpublished but any moist, fertile habitat provides good conditions for this species.
Streambanks, lake-shores [4] , and shore swales [3] also support the species. Munz [27] states that all moist places in California below m ft may be suitable for reed canarygrass, but it can also thrive on dry soils.
Reed canarygrass invasion is promoted by disturbances such as ditching of wetlands, stream channelization, deforestation of swamp forests, sedimentation, overgrazing and intentional planting. Reed canarygrass shoots emerge from rhizomes or seeds and grow vertically through the soil surface during the first weeks of spring. Reed canarygrass has two periods of growth, one prior to seed maturation and one after.
After the second growth period in mid to late summer, culms collapse and form dense, impenetrable mounds. Four to six leaf primordia are present in each rhizomatous axillary bud at the beginning of winter.
0コメント